Efficient and Eco-Friendly Removal of Heavy Metals from Wastewater by Low-Cost Adsorbents

The present study emphasizes the utilization ability of less expensive industrial waste adsorbents such as fly ash (FA) to adsorb heavy metals from wastewater r to remove its constituent pollutants, amazing eco-friendly technology guarantees benefits with the decrease in the formation of dangerous solid sludge. In the extended experimental work program: parameters such as pH, contact time, and adsorbent dosages were conducted. The results showed a remarkable treatment equilibrium time after two hours. From all the factors, the pH ranges from 5 to 8 significantly influenced the elimination of heavy metals removal efficiencies, and the highest achieved uptake efficiency during the whole three hours of the experiment period was found to be 93%, 90%, 85%, 79 %, 75 % and 70% for Cu, Fe, Ni, Zn, Pb, and Cd respectively with an optimum fly ash treatment dose of 15 g/L. Based on several performance metrics and visual indicators, different predictive regression-based models for wastewater heavy metals removal efficiencies were developed and compared to the experimental data. The statistical validation indicators revealed that a high correlation was obtained. In addition, the experiment's data were utilized using the Langmuir isotherm model. The results of adsorption data were highly satisfactory statistically match providence to Langmuir heavy metals kinetics removal with mean values of 8%, 11%, and 93% for relative mean absolute error (MAE)rel, rel , percent bias (PBIAS), and Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) respectively.