Factors associated with stigma in patients undergoing hemodialysis: a meta-analysis and systematic review

Background: Patients with hemodialysis (HD) frequently encounter stigma, which impacts their social network and adherence to treatment, increasing their risk of depression and lowering their quality of life. The factors associated with stigma among patients with HD remain poorly understood due to insufficient evidence. To fill this gap, this meta-analysis was conducted. Methods: We carried out a thorough literature review in both Chinese and English databases like China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wan Fang Knowledge Data Service Platform, PubMed, Embase, PsycINFO, CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature) and Web of Science. We included literature up to May 25, 2024, focusing on the levels and factors related to stigma in HD patients. Data extraction and quality assessment of the included literature were separately carried out by two researchers, who also independently did the literature screening. Data analysis was carried out using Stata 15.1 software. The possible sources of heterogeneity were explored by sensitivity analysis and subgroup analysis, and the robustness of the results was evaluated. Results: A total of 12 papers were included, and the quality of these papers was evaluated as moderate or above. The findings of the meta-analysis demonstrated that the pooled stigma mean score was 59.30 [95% (Confidence interval) CI : 55.62 to 62.97]. Per capita monthly family income [MD MD (Mean Deviation) =4.95, 95% CI (1.55 to 8.35), P= 0.004], residence [MD= MD =-4.66, 95% CI (-6.96 to-2.36), P <0.001], complications [MD=4.76, MD =4.76, 95% CI (0.92 to 8.61), P =0.015], family function [Z=-0.29, Z =-0.29, 95% CI (-0.38 to-0.21), P <0.001], self-efficacy [Z=-0.37, Z =-0.37, 95% CI (-0.48 to-0.26), P <0.001], levels of social support [Z=-0.35, Z =-0.35, 95% CI (-0.45 to-0.25), P <0.001], and levels of psychological distress [Z=0.59, Z =0.59, 95% CI (0.26 to 0.91), P <0.001] were all significant factors contributing to stigma in patients undergoing HD. Conclusion: Healthcare professionals should pay attention to the early assessment of stigma in patients with HD, implement personalized interventions targeting related factors, and promote effective coping strategies for managing the disease.