A Qualitative Analysis of the Functions of Primary Care Nurses in COVID-19 Vaccination

Aim: To describe vaccination roles of primary care nurses during the COVID- 19 pandemic in Canada. Design: This analysis was part of a larger mixed- methods case study. Methods: We conducted semi- structured qualitative interviews from May 2022 to January 2023 with primary care nurses across four provinces: British Columbia, Ontario, Newfoundland and Labrador, and Nova Scotia. We asked participants to describe their roles during various stages of the pandemic, facilitators and challenges encountered and possible roles that nurses could have played. We used thematic analysis and analysed codes relevant to vaccination. Results: We interviewed a total of 76 nurses and identified four key functions of primary care nurses' roles in COVID- 19 vaccination: (1) education, (2) vaccine administration, (3) outreach and (4) advocacy. Themes outlined nurses' roles with respect to patient education, addressing vaccine hesitancy, partaking in vaccination roles outside of regular primary care practice and supporting accessibility in COVID- 19 vaccination. Specific tasks varied by nursing professions. Conclusion: Primary care nurses fostered trust through existing patient-provider relationships to enhance roles and activities related to education, outreach and advocacy in COVID- 19 vaccination. Some COVID- 19 vaccine- related roles were more easily integrated into primary care, whereas others competed with routine primary care roles. Implications for the Profession and Patient Care: Findings highlight the vital contributions of primary care nurses towards COVID- 19 vaccination efforts in Canada. Leveraging nursing expertise can enhance future pandemic response efforts and improve patient care by addressing barriers to vaccination and promoting equitable access to vaccination services. Impact: This study addresses a knowledge gap by describing the vaccination- related roles of primary care nurses during the pandemic. Findings illustrate that nurses demonstrated adaptability through their engagement in vaccine education, administration, outreach and advocacy. This research informs resource allocation, policy development and workforce planning for future vaccination efforts during a pandemic response. Reporting Method: The authors have adhered to the Standards for Reporting Qualitative Research (SRQR) guidelines included in the Empirical Research Qualitative reporting method.