The impact of storage device losses on energy hub management in the presence of a distributed generation and load shift program

Energy hub (EH) management faces challenges with the emergence of equipment such as electric vehicle charging stations (EVCSs) and distributed generations (DGs). In addition, the loss of storage devices located in the EH increases costs. In this paper, using linear programming, EH management is investigated in four scenarios, and the impact of losses from storage devices such as EVCSs on the cost is analyzed. The objective function of this problem considers the cost of energy carriers and possible load outages, which is considered by a linear function. Energy hub modeling involves a transformer converter, combined heat and power, a heat exchanger, and electrical and thermal storage devices. Also, the impacts of storage losses, DGs, and load shift programs on possible load outages are investigated. The simulation results show that the losses of the storage devices increase the outage of the electrical load and the cost of the energy hub by 0.20 p.u. (3.58 %) and 39.93 p.u. (1.69 %), respectively. Additionally, the average power stored in the EVCS with a value of 0.63 p.u. with the implementing load shift programs is greater than in the rest of the scenarios, which shows that the EVCS is discharged less in this scenario than in the rest of the scenarios. Finally, the results of the introduced scenarios are compared to assess the effect of each factor on outage and hub energy costs. The proposed approach can be a suitable tool for the system operator to reach the optimal solution.