New insights into algal-bacterial sludge granulation based on the tightly-bound extracellular polymeric substances regulation in response to N-Methylpyrrolidone

Algal-bacterial granular sludge (ABGS) system is promising in wastewater treatment for its potential in energy-neutrality and carbon-neutrality. However, traditional cultivation of ABGS poses significant challenges attributable to its long start-up period and high energy consumption. Extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), which could be stimulated as a self-defense strategy in cells under toxic contaminants stress, has been considered to contribute to the ABGS granulation process. In this study, photogranulation of ABGS by EPS regulation in response to varying loading rates of N-Methylpyrrolidone (NMP) was investigated for the first time. The results indicated the formation of ABGS with a maximum average diameter of similar to 3.3 mm and an exceptionally low SVI5 value of 67 +/- 2 mL g(-1) under an NMP loading rate of 125 mg L-1 d(-1), thereby demonstrating outstanding settleability. Besides, almost complete removal of 300 mg L-1 NMP could be achieved at hydraulic retention time of 48 h, accompanied by chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total nitrogen (TN) removal efficiencies higher than 90 % and 70 %, respectively. Moreover, possible degradation pathway and metabolism mechanism in the ABGS system for enhanced removal of NMP and nitrogen were proposed. In this ABGS system, the mycelium with network structure constituted by filamentous microorganisms was a prerequisite for photogranulation, instead of necessarily leading to granulation. Stress of 100-150 mg L-1 d(-1) NMP loading rate stimulated tightly-bound EPS (TB-EPS) variation, resulting in rapid photogranulation. The crucial role of TB-EPS was revealed with the involved mechanisms being clarified. This study provides a novel insight into ABGS development based on the TB-EPS regulation by NMP, which is significant for achieving the manipulation of photogranules.