A review of the current state of probiotic nanoencapsulation and its future prospects in biomedical applications

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) or multidrug resistance (MDR) is becoming increasingly prevalent within the health care industry as a result of the overuse of antibiotics, which is posing a major challenge to health care providers. A possible alternative for overcoming these effects is to use probiotics as part of the treatment. In recent years, probiotics have acquired significant attention because of their potential benefits in a wide range of biomedical applications, including antimicrobial protection, treating diseases, and aiding in tissue repair. The surrounding tissues are greatly affecting the viability and activity of these probiotics, making it difficult to maintain their stability in targeted locations for a prolonged duration. Multiple strategies have been proposed to overcome this problem, including nanoencapsulating probiotics within biomaterials to increase their activity and stability. The encapsulation of probiotics using biomaterials not only protects their vitality but also makes it easier for them to get delivered to their targeted location. Moreover, we underscore the importance of employing biomaterial -based encapsulation techniques for probiotics in various biomedical applications, including but not limited to the gastrointestinal tract, oral cavity, skin, and vagina. This article aims to thoroughly investigate the materials and methods employed in the encapsulation of probiotics within biomaterials while also delving into recent advancements in this field.