Experimental evaluation of RF-EMF emitted by electronic devices of IoT systems and comparison with other wireless technologies

被引：2

作者：

Hamiti, Enver ^{[1
]}

Krasniqi, Bujar ^{[1
]}

机构：

[1] Univ Prishtina, Fac Elect & Comp Engn, Dept Telecommun, Prishtina, Kosovo

来源：

INTERNET OF THINGS | 2024年 / 26卷

关键词：

LoRa; IoT; Sigfox; NB-IoT; LTE-M;

D O I：

10.1016/j.iot.2024.101186

中图分类号：

TP [自动化技术、计算机技术];

学科分类号：

0812 ;

摘要：

Our paper presents a study of an environmental sensing system operating at 868 MHz, based on LoRa technology, the physical layer of the LoRaWAN. We utilized LoRa technology to monitor basic environmental parameters in various workplaces and to evaluate personal exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) from IoT devices. The experimental campaign followed the IEC 62,232:2017 standard, measuring the power density of electromagnetic fields in specific microenvironments. Our measurements show that LoRa technology has lower values than traditional Wi-Fi and cellular wireless systems. In the LoRaWAN band, the highest temporal variation of average power density fluctuated between mu W/m 2 and 1320 mu W/m 2 , while maximal values were 1893 mu W/m 2 . Also, the cumulative distribution function fits with the lognormal distribution. We found that the power density values of RF-EMF emitted from LoRa technology comply with national and international guidelines for sensitive indoor microenvironments. Furthermore, increasing the usage of environmental sensing systems is not expected to affect the overall RF-EMF radiation levels soon.

引用

页数：12

共 31 条

[1] Lessons Learned from a Distributed RF-EMF Sensor Network [J].

Aerts, Sam ;

Vermeeren, Guenter ;

van den Bossche, Matthias ;

Aminzadeh, Reza ;

Verloock, Leen ;

Thielens, Arno ;

Leroux, Philip ;

Bergs, Johan ;

Braem, Bart ;

Philippron, Astrid ;

Martens, Luc ;

Joseph, Wout .

SENSORS, 2022, 22 (05)

[2] Emissions From Smart Meters and Other Residential Radiofrequency Sources [J].

Aerts, Sam ;

Verloock, Leen ;

Van den Bossche, Matthias ;

Martens, Luc ;

Vergara, Ximena ;

Joseph, Wout .

HEALTH PHYSICS, 2019, 116 (06) :776-788

[3] RFID Technology for Management and Tracking: e-Health Applications [J].

Alvarez Lopez, Yuri ;

Franssen, Jacqueline ;

Alvarez Narciandi, Guillermo ;

Pagnozzi, Janet ;

Gonzalez-Pinto Arrillaga, Ignacio ;

Las-Heras Andres, Fernando .

SENSORS, 2018, 18 (08)

[4] The Internet of Things and Sensor Networks [J].

Andreev, Sergey ;

Dobre, Ciprian .

IEEE Communications Magazine, 2019, 57 (09)

[5]

[Anonymous], 2001, L. 8/2001, de 28 de junio, para la Ordenacion de las Instalaciones de Radiocomunicacion en Castilla-La Mancha

[6]

[Anonymous], EEE Std 1528.7TM-2020

[7]

Bradshaw V., 2006, BUILDING ENV ACTIVE, V3rd

[8] Wearables and the Internet of Things (IoT), Applications, Opportunities, and Challenges: A Survey [J].

Dian, F. John ;

Vahidnia, Reza ;

Rahmati, Alireza .

IEEE ACCESS, 2020, 8 :69200-69211

[9] Measurements and Analysis of Personal Exposure to RF-EMF Inside and Outside School Buildings: A Case Study at a Kosovo School [J].

Hamiti, Enver ;

Ahma, Luan ;

Kukaj, Miranda ;

Maloku, Elmaz .

IEEE ACCESS, 2022, 10 :52866-52875

[10] Measurements of Radiofrequency Radiation with a Body-Borne Exposimeter in Swedish Schools with Wi-Fi [J].

Hedendahl, Lena K. ;

Carlberg, Michael ;

Koppel, Tarmo ;

Hardell, Lennart .

FRONTIERS IN PUBLIC HEALTH, 2017, 5

← 1 2 3 4 →