Biostratigraphy and sedimentation rate estimation of Quaternary sediments of the Krishna-Godavari Basin, Bay of Bengal: Evidence from NGHP-01 Holes 10D, 5C and 3B

The deposition of a substantial amount of clastic sediments in the Krishna Godavari Basin formed a thick layer of nannofossil-rich clay known as the Godavari Clay Formation. This clayey sequence is a treasure trove for unveiling paleoclimatic and paleoceanographic information. Numerous radiometric dates from the topmost portion of this clay (top 27 m) are available, covering the last 43 ka. However, the availability of data on age connotation with considerably high resolution for the deeper sediments is rare and is still awaited. In this study, we pursued nannoplankton and planktic foraminiferal investigations on the top 198 m (Hole 10D), 300 m (Hole 3B), and 198 m (Hole 5C) sediments of this basin to generate multiple age data with a relatively high resolution. First Occurrence (FO) and Last Occurrence (LO) of nannoplankton taxa Emiliania huxleyi , Helicosphaera inversa , Helicosphaera sellii , large Gephyrocapsa spp ., Pseudoemiliania lacunosa, Reticulofenestra asanoi , and planktic foraminiferal taxa Globorotalia flexuosa and Globigerinella calida are considered as potential index taxa for establishing the bioevents as well as biostratigraphy . Based on these, we have identified nine events from Hole 10D, six events from Hole 3B, and seven events from Hole 5C, which are potential for assigning the relative ages. We also observed two -fold variations in sedimentation rates in all the holes and one hiatus at 110.73 mbsf in Hole 5C, indicating a shift in climate and basinal settings. A high sedimentation rate of >20.59 cm/ka after -0.4 Ma at all the holes is probably linked to the intensification of the Indian summer monsoon across the mid-Brunhes Epoch. The significantly low sedimentation rates (<14.62 cm/ka) in older sediment sequences before 0.4 Ma is probably related to the relatively weak monsoonal activity. The generated age data, variations in sedimentation rates, and identified hiatus are considered to be potential for delineating paleoclimatic and paleoceanographic changes of this area since the Calabrian Stage.