Advances in emerging digital technologies for energy efficiency and energy integration in smart cities

Advances and fast development in emerging digital technologies trigger the next generation revolution in energy areas and smart cities, while roles and mechanisms of digital technologies for smart and sustainable transition is unclear. Furthermore, energy flexibility enhancement in intermittent renewable -stochastic demand power management and survival capability in minimizing frequency of power outrage are still not clear, when suffering from climate change and extreme events with emerging digital technologies. In this study, advances in emerging digital technologies have been systematically and comprehensively reviewed, in terms of current development status and mechanisms for energy efficiency and energy integration in energy -efficient systems. Afterwards, roles of energy digitalization technologies are provided for high -efficiency, low -carbon and intelligent building energy systems, including artificial intelligence for dynamic performance predictions, advanced model predictive controls and optimisations of nonlinear systems (e.g., PVs, heat pumps, heat recovery systems and multi -energy storages). Furthermore, digital twin -based building energy digitalization technologies are applied for 3D modeling, monitoring, real-time visualization and virtual reality interaction. Frontier multi -agent based distributed energy systems are comprehensively proposed with multi -agent energy management, including REbattery-building-EV, RE -building -hydrogen vehicles, and both centralised and distributed energy management systems. Considering the multi -energy system capability for power management (intermittent renewable energy and energy demands) and survival capability when suffering from high -impact and low -probability events, both energy flexibility and energy resilience with energy digitalization technologies are interconnected, for climate change adaption and internet of energy. This study provides a systematic and comprehensive review on emerging digital technologies for energy efficiency and energy integration in smart cities, providing guidelines on sustainable and smart transitions with multi -agent based distributed energy management and energy digitalization technologies.