The impact of vitamin D deficiency on caries, periodontitis, and oral cancer: A systematic review

Background: The relationship between vitamin D deficiency with dental caries, periodontitis and oral cancer is controversial. Objectives: This review aimed to systematically evaluate the published literature and summarise the available evidence about the impact of vitamin D deficiency (VDD) on the oral diseases mentioned above. Methods: PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and ScienceDirect databases were used. The search terms included were vitamin D, caries, periodontitis, and oral cancer. All papers published between January 2017 and November 2022 were included. The PRISMA process was used for the screening and selection studies. Results: Initially, 3001 studies were identified. However, after evaluating 46 full-text articles that explored the link between VDD and caries, periodontitis, and oral cancer, only 32 studies met the inclusion criteria for this systematic review. Among these, 15 studies focused on caries, 16 on periodontitis, and only one on oral cancer. Regarding study quality and risk of bias, 25 out of the 32 studies were deemed to have low risk. A total of 12 studies on periodontitis showed the impact of VDD. Conclusion: The review highlights that most evidence suggests an association between VDD and periodontitis. However, findings concerning the association between VDD and dental caries were controversial. Thus, further research is required to clarify the impacts of VDD on caries and oral cancer.