Evaluation of PD-1 Gene Expression Profile and Methylation of the Regulatory Regions in Patients with Ankylosing Spondylitis

Background: Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic autoimmune disorder characterized by the fusion of vertebral joints and axial arthritis. The programmed death -1 (PD -1) inhibitory receptor has a pivotal role in controlling T cell function and may have a significant impact on the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases such as AS pathogenesis. Objective: To investigate PD -1 gene expression and its epigenetic regulation by detecting methylated CpG islands in the regulatory sites of the gene. This will provide insight into the mechanisms involved in the disease. Methods: 30 AS patients and 30 healthy individuals were examined to detect the 16 CpG islands in intron 1 using bisulfite conversion and methylation-specific PCR technique. In addition, RNA samples were isolated from fresh peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), and after complementary DNA (cDNA) synthesis, the expression level of the PD -1 gene was evaluated using Real -Time PCR. Results: The CpG islands located in the intronic zone of the PD -1 gene were hyper -methylated in both the patients with AS and the healthy controls. The gene expression of PD -1 was significantly downregulated in AS patients compared with the controls ( p =0.017). A negative correlation between the Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index and PD -1 gene expression was also revealed. Conclusion: The low level of PD -1 gene expression is implicated in the pathogenesis of AS. However, in both groups, the methylation level of the intron 1 CpG islands of the PD -1 gene suggests that other regulatory mechanisms are more relevant to PD -1 gene expression than methylation in the intron.