A study on the prospect of converting C3 plants into C4 plants

Plants being the primary producers are the driving force of sustenance of the living world. However, plants derive the energy from Sun, to produce their own food via the process of photosynthesis. Depending on the plant's different photosynthetic pathways, it can be divided into prominent physiological groups. The main groups are C3 and C4. C4 plants are able to produce the highest rate of biological energy from solar energy. C4 plants are basically another form of C3 plants to survive in a hot and arid climate. The major drastic problem is photorespiration in C3 plants, which reduces the production of biological energy from solar energy. Therefore, C4 plants reduce photorespiration by concentrating the CO2 concentration near RUBISCO. Hence, a longstanding goal is the conversion of C3 crops to C4 photosynthetic crops by employing different bio-engineering technologies and pathways. In this era of synthetic biology, the conversion has remained very tough owing to its specialized anatomy and biochemical cycles. This study reviewed the basic molecular concepts, the main requirements of C3-C4 conversion and advances in system biology methods. This review further emphasises on the various possible theoretical and practical knowledge with bio-engineering approaches and genetic engineering tools. Moreover, this study discussed different approaches and various future prospects in this field.