IL-22, a vital cytokine in autoimmune diseases

Interleukin-22 (IL-22) is a vital cytokine that is dysregulated in various autoimmune conditions including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), multiple sclerosis (MS), and Alzheimer's disease (AD). As the starting point for the activation of numerous signaling pathways, IL-22 plays an important role in the initiation and development of autoimmune diseases. Specifically, imbalances in IL-22 signaling can interfere with other signaling pathways, causing cross-regulation of target genes which ultimately leads to the development of immune disorders. This review delineates the various connections between the IL-22 signaling pathway and autoimmune disease, focusing on the latest understanding of the cellular sources of IL-22 and its effects on various cell types. We further explore progress with pharmacological interventions related to targeting IL-22, describing how such therapeutic strategies promise to usher in a new era in the treatment of autoimmune disease. As a pivotal cytokine, IL-22 plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. In this comprehensive review, we initially provide an overview of the diverse biological functions exerted by IL-22 across various cell types and subsequently delve into its intricate involvement in numerous autoimmune disorders. Lastly, we address the current challenges and potential future directions pertaining to IL-22-related therapeutics. Graphical Abstract