Milk extracellular Vesicles: A promising oral drug delivery system for intestinal diseases

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are biological nanoparticles with phospholipid bilayers that regulate cell communication through molecular cargo transport and surface signaling. EVs are found in almost all body fluids, including milk. In addition to the advantages of traditional EVs, such as low immunogenicity and high biocompatibility, milk EVs also have the characteristics of high yield, partially digestive resistance, oral administration and targeting the intestinal tract to regulate intestinal growth and development. Based on the above characteristics of milk EVs, we believe that milk EVs are very suitable for oral treatment of intestinal diseases. In this review, we introduced the physical and biochemical characteristics of milk EVs, the advantages of oral treatment for intestinal diseases, the potential application of milk EVs in treating such conditions. And we also discussed the problems encountered in the study of milk EVs. It provides a new direction for the treatment of intestinal diseases mediated by nanoparticles. We expect that the ongoing advancements in therapeutic and delivery nanoplatforms based on milk EVs will further support their clinical applications in the treatment of intestinal diseases.