Utilization and performance comparison of several HESSs with cascade optimal-FOD controller for multi-area multi-source power system under deregulated environment

Electric power system network is evolving rapidly towards a more flexible, robust and secured interconnected network which can provide better power quality within a competitive environment commonly known as deregulated power system (DPS). For safeguarding DPS, energy storage systems (ESSs) and an efficient control method are required to maintain equilibrium between load demand and generated power known as automatic generation control (AGC). This study highlights an attempt of performance comparison of several hybrid ESSs (HESSs) for AGC of multi-area multi-source power system under deregulated scenario. The considered system comprises of thermal, hydro and gas (THG) generating units in each area of a two-area DPS. A cascade optimal controller-fractional order derivative (COC-FOD) is suggested for AGC performance advancement and its performance is compared with optimal controller (OC). A nature inspired salp swarm algorithm (SSA) is utilized to optimise secondary FOD controller gains while primary OC is designed via full state feedback control approach. The time domain analysis and bode plot reveal the eminence of COC-FOD over OC by returning 66 % lower value of cost function, 24 % lower undershoot, 98 % lower overshoot, at least 24 % lesser rise time for area frequency deviation, and 30 % greater stability margins with comparable settling time and lesser number of oscillations. The performances of various HESSs like ultra-capacitor (UC) + redox flow battery (RFB), superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) + RFB and flywheel energy storage (FES) + RFB in the attendance of OC and COC-FOD controller are compared and performance of COC-FOD in the presence of SMES+RFB is found superior to other HESS combinations by giving 75 % lesser value of cost function and at least 43 % lesser undershoot for area frequency deviation compared to the scenario where COC-FOD is simulated without ESSs. To present a more realistic scenario, system nonlinearities are considered. Finally, COC-FOD controller proved its resilience and efficacy by providing satisfactory stabilized performance under wide variations in the system parameters.