Acute Effects of Skeletal Muscle Electrical Stimulation on Central and Lower Extremity Hemodynamics

Introduction: Belt electrode-skeletal muscle electrical stimulation (B -SES) is a treatment prescribed for individuals with difficulty performing exercise therapy that improves muscle strength, exercise tolerance, and glucose metabolism. However, the effects of B -SES on the hemodynamics of the central and lower extremity conduit arteries have not been studied. Therefore, this study compared the acute effects of B -SES on the central and lower extremity conduit arteries in healthy young males. Methods: This randomized crossover study included nine healthy young males (mean age: 21.0 +/- 1.1 years). Participants were assigned to the following experimental conditions, with a washout period of one week: condition 1 included 20 min of electrical stimulation of the lower extremity at the participant's sensation threshold intensity (Sham, n=9) and condition 2 included 20 min of electrical stimulation of the lower extremity at the maximum intensity the participant can tolerate (B -SES, n=9). The heart rate (HR), stroke volume (SV), cardiac output (CO), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and total peripheral vascular resistance (TPR) were measured as central hemodynamics. The hemodynamics of the lower extremity conduit arteries were measured and calculated for the shallow femoral artery (SFA), including vessel diameter, mean blood flow velocity (MBFV), shear rate (SR), and mean blood flow (MBF) rate. These indices were measured before stimulation (Pre), 10 min after the start of stimulation (Stimulating), and immediately after the end of stimulation (Post). These indices were compared using a repeated two-way analysis of variance. Results: In B -SES, HR (Pre: 63.2 +/- 8.6; Stimulating: 73.7 +/- 6.9; Post: 70.0 +/- 4.2 bpm, p<0.01), CO (Pre: 5.1 +/- 1.0; Stimulating: 6.5 +/- 1.5, p<0.01; Post: 6.3 +/- 1.2 L/min, p=0.02), and MAP (Pre: 104.0 +/- 11.5; Stimulating: 116.4 +/- 10.8, p<0.01; Post: 109.6 +/- 9.7 mmHg, p=0.02) increased significantly. In addition, B -SES significantly increased MBFV (Pre: 19.2 +/- 4.0; Stimulating: 50.5 +/- 14.9; Post: 30.1 +/- 4.0 cm/s , p<0.01), SR (Pre: 118.9 +/- 28.8; Stimulating: 302.7 +/- 91. 2, p<0.01; Post: 182.1 +/- 70.1/s, p=0.02), and MBF (Pre: 382.0 +/- 61.5; Stimulating: 1009.6 +/- 321.4; Post: 626.8 +/- 176.6 mL/min, p<0.01). However, there were no significant changes in SV and TPR. Conclusions: The findings of this study indicate that B -SES in healthy young males increases CO without increasing SV or TPR and improves the MBFV and SR in the SFA.