Utilizing Cs-TPA/Ce-KIT-6 solid-acid catalyst for enhanced biodiesel production from almond and amla oil feedstocks

This study focuses on the synthesis and characterization of Cs-tungstophosphoric acid/Ce-KIT-6 (Cs-TPA/CK), Cssilicotungstic acid/Ce-KIT-6 (Cs-STA/CK), and Ni-Zn/Ce-KIT-6 (Ni-Zn/CK) catalysts for biodiesel production from almond and amla oil feedstocks. The synthesized catalysts underwent comprehensive characterization utilizing XRD, BET surface area analysis, SEM, and TEM techniques, confirming the successful incorporation of Ce 3 + , Cs-TPA, Cs-STA, and Ni-Zn units into the KIT-6 framework. Among the catalysts tested, Cs-TPA/CK exhibited the highest biodiesel conversion rates, reaching 98% for oleic acid and 96 -98% for non-edible oils (almond and amla oil). Additionally, the recyclability of the catalysts was evaluated, demonstrating sustained catalytic activity for up to five cycles. These findings underscore the potential of Cs-TPA/CK as a highly efficient catalyst for biodiesel production from both edible and non-edible oil sources, with promising implications for sustainable energy production.