The Effectiveness of Submerged- Emerged Breakwaters: An Analytical and Numerical Study

In this study, we investigate the wave attenuation by mangroves and submerged rigid breakwaters using a modified shallow water model. We aim to capture the interaction of waves with vegetation and breakwaters and quantify the wave height reduction. We derive the wave transmission coefficient analytically and numerically and examine the dependence of every parameter involved, from the structure and vegetation to the wave attenuation. We will show that both mangroves and submerged rigid breakwaters can effectively attenuate wave energy, with the degree of attenuation depending on various factors such as the width and length of the vegetation, the height and spacing of the breakwater, and the incident wave characteristics. Our findings have important implications for coastal management and the design of coastal protection structures.