China's law and policy framework for maritime safety regulation of alternative fuel ships in the decarbonization transition

Driven by maritime decarbonization goals, the maritime industry is increasingly turning to alternative marine fuels for eco-friendly propulsion. While China has actively pursued the development of alternative fuel ships (AFS), its regulatory momentum appears to lag behind industrial progress, posing challenges for robust maritime safety oversight.Employing a synthesis of normative legal analysis and policy evaluation, this study delves into China's legal and policy frameworks governing the maritime safety of AFS. The research elucidates China's threetier institutional structure for AFS maritime safety management, encompassing legislation, policies, and industry standards, highlighting the most recent institutional advancements. A critical examination reveals various challenges within the current regulatory environment, which underscore potential insufficiencies in ensuring robust safety regulations for AFS in China. Additionally, it explores the broader implications of refining China's regulatory apparatus and enhancing international cooperation to promote safer and more sustainable AFS practices, aiming to minimize controversies and disputes both domestically and internationally.