Effects of Habitat and Fruit Scent on the Interactions between Short-tailed Fruit Bats and Piper Plants

被引:1
作者
Sil, S. [1 ]
Visconti, F. [2 ,3 ]
Chaverri, G. [4 ,5 ]
Santana, S. E. [2 ,3 ]
机构
[1] Univ Washington, Dept Chem, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
[2] Univ Washington, Dept Biol, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
[3] Univ Washington, Burke Museum Nat Hist & Culture, Seattle, WA 98195 USA
[4] Univ Costa Rica, Sede Sur, Golfito 60701, Costa Rica
[5] Smithsonian Trop Res Inst, 0843-03092 Balboa, Ancon, Panama
关键词
CAROLLIA-PERSPICILLATA; AUTOMATED IDENTIFICATION; ECHOLOCATION CALLS; FRUGIVOROUS BATS; OLFACTION; CASTANEA; OVERLAP;
D O I
10.1093/iob/obae028
中图分类号
Q [生物科学];
学科分类号
07 ; 0710 ; 09 ;
摘要
Piper is a mega-diverse genus of pioneer plants that contributes to the maintenance and regeneration of tropical forests. In the Neotropics, Carollia bats use olfaction to forage for Piper fruit and are a main disperser of Piper seeds via consumption and subsequent defecation during flight. In return, Piper fruits provide essential nutrients for Carollia year-round. There is evidence that the types and diversity of Piper frugivores are influenced by the primary habitat type of different Piper species (forest and gap), with forest Piper depending more on bats for seed dispersal; however, this pattern has not been tested broadly. We aimed to characterize and compare the interactions between Carollia and Piper across forested and gap habitats, and further investigate whether differences in fruit traits relevant to bat foraging (i.e., scent) could underlie differences in Carollia-Piper interactions. We collected nightly acoustic ultrasonic recordings and 24 h camera trap data in La Selva, Costa Rica across 12 species of Piper (six forest, six gap) and integrated this information with data on Carollia diet and Piper fruit scent. Merging biomonitoring modalities allowed us to characterize ecological interactions in a hierarchical manner: from general activity and presence of bats, to visitations and inspections of plants, to acquisition and consumption of fruits. We found significant differences in Carollia-Piper interactions between forested and gap habitats; however, the type of biomonitoring modality (camera trap, acoustics, diet) influenced our ability to detect these differences. Forest Piper were exclusively visited by bats, whereas gap Piper had a more diverse suite of frugivores; the annual diet of Carollia, however, is dominated by gap Piper since these plants produce fruit year-round. We found evidence that fruit scent composition significantly differs between forest and gap Piper, which highlights the possibility that bats could be using chemical cues to differentially forage for gap vs. forest Piper. By integrating studies of Piper fruit scent, plant visitation patterns, and Carollia diet composition, we paint a clearer picture of the ecological interactions between Piper and Carollia, and plant-animal mutualisms more generally. Piper es un g & eacute;nero megadiverso de plantas pioneras que contribuyen al mantenimiento y regeneraci & oacute;n de los bosques tropicales. En el Neotr & oacute;pico, los murci & eacute;lagos de g & eacute;nero Carollia utilizan el sentido del olfato para encontrar frutos de Piper y son los principales dispersores de estas plantas a trav & eacute;s del consumo de los frutos y posterior defecaci & oacute;n de las semillas durante el vuelo. A cambio, los frutos de Piper proporcionan nutrientes esenciales para Carollia durante todo el a & ntilde;o. Existe evidencia de que los tipos y la diversidad de frug & iacute;voros que consumen Piper est & aacute;n influenciados por el tipo de h & aacute;bitat primario (bosques y claros) de las diferentes especies, y que los Piper de bosque dependen m & aacute;s de los murci & eacute;lagos para la dispersi & oacute;n de semillas. Sin embargo, este patr & oacute;n no ha sido corroborado ampliamente. Nuestro objetivo fue caracterizar y comparar las interacciones entre Carollia y Piper en h & aacute;bitats boscosos y en claros, e investigar m & aacute;s a fondo si las diferencias en los rasgos de las frutas relevantes para la b & uacute;squeda de frutos por los murci & eacute;lagos (es decir, el olor) podr & iacute;an explicar las diferencias en las interacciones entre Carollia y Piper. Para ello, compilamos grabaciones ac & uacute;sticas ultras & oacute;nicas durante la noche y videos con c & aacute;maras trampa por 24 horas/d & iacute;a en La Selva, Costa Rica, para 12 especies de Piper (6 de bosque, 6 de claros) e integramos esa informaci & oacute;n con datos sobre la dieta de Carollia y el aroma de los frutos de Piper. Esta combinaci & oacute;n de modalidades de biomonitoreo nos permiti & oacute; caracterizar las interacciones ecol & oacute;gicas de manera jer & aacute;rquica: desde la actividad general y la presencia de murci & eacute;lagos, sus visitas e inspecciones de las plantas, hasta la adquisici & oacute;n y consumo de frutos. Encontramos diferencias significativas entre h & aacute;bitats boscosos y claros en las interacciones de Carollia y Piper;sin embargo, el tipo de modalidad de biomonitoreo (c & aacute;mara trampa, ac & uacute;stica, dieta) influy & oacute; en nuestra capacidad de detectar estas diferencias. Los Piper de bosque fueron visitados exclusivamente por murci & eacute;lagos, mientras que los Piper de claros tuvieron un grupo m & aacute;s diverso de frug & iacute;voros. La dieta anual de Carollia, sin embargo, est & aacute; dominada por Piper de claros, ya que estas plantas producen frutos durante todo el a & ntilde;o. Encontramos evidencia de que la composici & oacute;n del aroma de los frutos difiere significativamente entre los Piper de bosque y de claros, lo que resalta la posibilidad que los murci & eacute;lagos puedan estar usando se & ntilde;ales qu & iacute;micas para forrajear diferencialmente por Piper de estas dos categor & iacute;as. La integraci & oacute;n de estudios del aroma de los frutos de Piper, patrones de visita a las plantas y composici & oacute;n de la dieta de Carollia nos permiti & oacute; generar una imagen m & aacute;s clara sobre las interacciones ecol & oacute;gicas entre Piper y Carollia y de los mutualismos planta-animal en general.
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