Transcriptome and physiological analyses reveal the response of Arabidopsis thaliana to poly(aspartic acid)

Poly(aspartic acid) (PASP) is an environmentally friendly biopolymer used as a fertilizer synergist and known to increase agricultural yields. The mechanism of PASP enhancement has, however, not been established, although the general hypothesis is that the polymer functions to hold nutrients closer to the root zone. The objective of this study was to determine the physiological and molecular changes that occur when plants are exposed to PASP, with future directions leading to a proposed mode of action. A whole genome transcriptome study was conducted. Arabidopsis thaliana seeds were germinated and grown in sterile plates treated with 250 ppm PASP under continuous light. Total RNA was extracted from whole seedlings and sequenced. The results revealed 462 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), 245 of which were upregulated and 217 downregulated. Gene Ontology, KEGG and MAPman analyses revealed DEGs involved in photosynthesis with 11 light harvesting complexes upregulated (e.g. LHCB1.1, LHCB2.2, LHCA1, LHCB4.2, LHCB2.1, LHCA4, LHCB1.1, LHCB3, LHCA3); the peroxisome pathway had 6 DEGs (CAT1, KAT1 and XDH2) upregulated (CSD1, CSD2 and FSD2) downregulated, the phenylpropanoid biosynthesis pathway had 7 DEGs upregulated. Other key DEGs were associated with the amino acid (e.g. ASN1) and nitrogen metabolism pathways. Physiology assessment results showed significant differences between control and treated plants with a 33 % increase in leaf area, 25 % increase chlorophyll content (p <= 0.05) and a 4-fold increase in photosynthetic rate (p <= 0.001). This information helps to increase our understanding of the key genes and metabolic pathways associated with plant response to PASP.