From Malthusian stagnation to modern economic growth: a swarm-intelligence perspective

The correlation between decentralized decision-making and swarm intelligence has emerged as a significant subject within self-organization phenomena. Here, we demonstrate that, if an exponential probability distribution of income emerges in a decentralized economic system, then the total income of all agents can be represented by an aggregate production function, in which the technology factor precisely aligns with the information content inherent in the event of decentralized decision-making by all agents. In particular, for sufficiently large population sizes, the emergence of this technology factor enables the income per capita to increase with the population size, akin to a manifestation of swarm intelligence. More importantly, we find that an exponential probability distribution of income can be generated within a peer-to-peer economy governed by specific game rules, characterizing a decentralized-decision economic system. Building upon this discovery, we propose a swarm-intelligence explanation to elucidate the transition from thousands of years of Malthusian stagnation to modern economic growth.