A review on potential heterocycles for the treatment of glioblastoma targeting receptor tyrosine kinases

Glioblastoma, the most aggressive form of brain tumor, poses signi fi cant challenges in terms of treatment success and patient survival. Current treatment modalities for glioblastoma include radiation therapy, surgical intervention, and chemotherapy. Unfortunately, the median survival rate remains dishearteningly low at 12 - 15 months. One of the major obstacles in treating glioblastoma is the recurrence of tumors, making chemotherapy the primary approach for secondary glioma patients. However, the ef fi cacy of drugs is hampered by the presence of the blood -brain barrier and multidrug resistance mechanisms. Consequently, considerable research efforts have been directed toward understanding the underlying signaling pathways involved in glioma and developing targeted drugs. To tackle glioma, numerous studies have examined kinase-downstream signaling pathways such as RAS-RAF-MEKERK-MPAK. By targeting speci fi c signaling pathways, heterocyclic compounds have demonstrated ef fi cacy in glioma therapeutics. Additionally, key kinases including phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), serine/threonine kinase, cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase (CTK), receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) and lipid kinase (LK) have been considered for investigation. These pathways play crucial roles in drug effectiveness in glioma treatment. Heterocyclic compounds, encompassing pyrimidine, thiazole, quinazoline, imidazole, indole, acridone, triazine, and other derivatives, have shown promising results in targeting these pathways. As part of this review, we propose exploring novel structures with low toxicity and high potency for glioma treatment. The development of these compounds should strive to overcome multidrug resistance mechanisms and ef fi ciently penetrate the blood -brain barrier. By optimizing the chemical properties and designing compounds with enhanced drug -like characteristics, we can maximize their therapeutic value and minimize adverse effects. Considering the complex nature of glioblastoma, these novel structures should be rigorously tested and evaluated for their ef fi cacy and safety pro fi les.