RNA modifications in pulmonary diseases

Threatening public health, pulmonary disease (PD) encompasses diverse lung injuries like chronic obstructive PD, pulmonary fibrosis, asthma, pulmonary infections due to pathogen invasion, and fatal lung cancer. The crucial involvement of RNA epigenetic modifications in PD pathogenesis is underscored by robust evidence. These modifications not only shape cell fates but also finely modulate the expression of genes linked to disease progression, suggesting their utility as biomarkers and targets for therapeutic strategies. The critical RNA modifications implicated in PDs are summarized in this review, including N6-methylation of adenosine, N1-methylation of adenosine, 5-methylcytosine, pseudouridine (5-ribosyl uracil), 7-methylguanosine, and adenosine to inosine editing, along with relevant regulatory mechanisms. By shedding light on the pathology of PDs, these summaries could spur the identification of new biomarkers and therapeutic strategies, ultimately paving the way for early PD diagnosis and treatment innovation. This review presents the crucial involvement of RNA epigenetic modifications (m6A, m1A, m5C, Psi, m7G, and A-to-I editing) in pulmonary diseases, spanning chronic conditions to lung cancer. Focusing on their impact on disease regulation as promising biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Additionally, essential databases and tools are summarized, fostering insights for clinical research of pulmonary disease to improve diagnosis and treatment. m6A, N6-methylation of adenosine; m1A, N1-methylation of adenosine; m5C, 5-methylcytosine; Psi, pseudouridine; m7G, 7-methylguanosine; A-to-I, adenosine to inosine; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; IPF, interstitial lung disease, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis; ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome; PTB, pulmonary tuberculosis; RMBase, RNA Modification Base Database; NGS, next-generation sequencing; LC-MS, liquid chromatography mass spectrometer; TLC, thin layer chromatography; RIP, RNA immunoprecipitation. # image