Adsorption of Cd2+ by Lactobacillus plantarum Immobilized on Distiller's Grains Biochar: Mechanism and Action

Immobilized microbial technology has recently emerged as a prominent research focus for the remediation of heavy metal pollution because of its superior treatment efficiency, ease of operation, environmental friendliness, and cost-effectiveness. This study investigated the adsorption characteristics and mechanisms of Cd2+ solutions by Lactobacillus plantarum adsorbed immobilized on distiller's grains biochar (XIM) and Lactobacillus plantarum-encapsulated immobilized on distiller's grains biochar (BIM). The findings reveal that the maximum adsorption capacity and efficiency were achieved at a pH solution of 6.0. Specifically, at an adsorption equilibrium concentration of cadmium at 60 mg/L, XIM and BIM had adsorption capacities of 8.40 +/- 0.30 mg/g and 12.23 +/- 0.05 mg/g, respectively. BIM demonstrated noticeably greater adsorption capacities than XIM at various cadmium solution concentrations. A combination of isothermal adsorption modeling, kinetic modeling, scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometer (XRD), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analyses showed that cadmium adsorption by XIM primarily involved physical adsorption and pore retention. In contrast, the adsorption mechanism of BIM was mainly attributed to the formation of Cd(CN)(2) crystals.