An exosomal approach for oral delivery of resveratrol: Implications for inflammatory bowel disease treatment in rat model

Aims: Resveratrol (RSV) is a polyphenolic substance found in numerous natural products. Despite the wide range of therapeutic activities, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, the poor pharmacokinetic characteristics decrease the RSV bioavailability following oral administration. Milk -derived exosomes (MEXOs), as a class of natural nanocarriers, are promising candidates for oral drug delivery approaches. Main methods: The current study developed RSV -loaded MEXOs to enhance the RSV oral bioavailability, introducing a suitable exosomal formulation for suppressing colon inflammation in acetic acid -induced rat models. Key findings: The results showed a remarkable encapsulation efficiency of 83.33 %. The in vitro release profile demonstrated a good retaining capability in acidic conditions (pH 1.2) and a considerable release in a simulated duodenal environment (pH 6.8). According to the permeability study, encapsulation of RSV improved its transportation across the Caco-2 monolayer. Moreover, the in vivo and histological analysis results proved that the RSV-MEXOs formulation successfully alleviates the inflammation in colitis rat models and effectively relieves the colitis. Significance: Our findings suggest that MEXOs should be of great attention as promising oral drug delivery vehicles for further clinical evaluations.