A comprehensive review on utilizing CRISPR/Cas system for microbiome modification

The recent advancements in biotechnology, particularly the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas system inspired by bacterial defense mechanisms, have ushered in a new phase in gene editing. This system is now widely used for a range of purposes, including the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of various diseases such as genetic conditions, cancer, infectious diseases, and issues related to antibiotic resistance. A particularly notable area of application is the alteration of the human gut microbiota, an essential and complex microbial ecosystem crucial for health. Imbalances in this system referred to as dysbiosis, are associated with several health issues, including heart disease, mental health disorders, and cancer. Therefore, the potential of manipulating microbiota for health benefits is significant. In accordance with this, recent research underscores the influence of modifying specific gut microbiota on the progression of diseases, notably in fields like oncology and inflammation. The current paper examines the impact of CRISPR technology in altering microbiota with the goal of exploiting its capabilities to improve human health. This exploration aims to move beyond theoretical research, applying CRISPR's sophisticated functions to complex and practical health scenarios with the ultimate objective of improving health outcomes.