Benefit of cardiac rehabilitation in acute heart failure patients with cognitive impairment

Aims: This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of cognitive impairment among patients with acute heart failure (AHF), its prognosis, and the effects of cardiac rehabilitation (CR) on these patients' outcomes. Methods: Overall, 247 consecutive AHF patients (median age, 60 years; males, 78.5 %) were evaluated from March 2015 to May 2021. Patients received an AHF disease management program coordinated by an HF specialist nurse and underwent a Luria-Nebraska Neuropsychological battery-screening test (LNNB-S) assessment during admission. Cognitive impairment was defined as an LNNB-S score >= 10. Patients who underwent at least one session of phase II CR and continued with the home-based exercise program were considered to have received CR. The primary endpoint was composite all-cause mortality or readmission after a 3.30-year follow-up (interquartile range, 1.69-5.09 years). Results: Cognitive impairment occurred in 53.0 % and was associated with significantly higher composite endpoint, all-cause mortality, and readmission rates (p=<0.001, 0.001, and 0.015, respectively). In the total cohort, 40.9 % of patients experienced the composite endpoint. Multivariate analysis showed that the peak VO2 was a significant predictor of the composite endpoint. After adjustment, CR significantly decreased the event rate of the composite endpoint and the all-cause mortality in patients with cognitive impairment (log-rank p = 0.024 and 0.009, respectively). However, CR did not have a significant benefit on the composite endpoint and the all-cause mortality in patients without cognitive impairment (log-rank p = 0.682 and 0.701, respectively). Conclusion: Cognitive impairment is common in AHF patients and can lead to poor outcomes. CR is a standard treatment to improve prognosis.