Overcoming one-sidedness in cadre personnel management: Developing a competency framework for China's central state-owned enterprise executives

China's central state-owned enterprises (SOEs) are politically and economically significant, and executives play a crucial role in determining their performance. In a competitive business environment, the selection and competencies of central SOE executives are crucial. This study aims to identify the competencies required to operate central SOEs and develops a competency framework for their executives. Through qualitative studies (face-to-face interviews and Delphi method) and two quantitative studies, we identify four dimensions-self-development, interpersonal, positional and organizational development-comprising 12 factors and 45 competencies, and use these to construct a competency framework. The competencies identified include some previously identified, but also unique competencies that are specific to the Chinese context. The proposed framework is valuable for understanding and improving managerial practices in central SOEs, and will help in the selection and development of executives. It also provides insights for central SOEs, and for individuals considering career and competency development.