Thermal and Entropic analyses of free convection of nanofluid in a partially heterogeneous porous chamber using the two-phase mixture model

Entropy generation and convection heat transfer in a partially porous chamber with different side wall temperatures using CuO -H 2 O have been investigated. The importance of this issue is wide application of the results in solar collectors, thermal extrusion systems, heat exchangers, biomedicine, nuclear waste disposal, etc. The innovation of the present work is related to the investigation of fluid and heat fields and entropy generation by using a matrix with subordination of porosity to the vertical axis and permeability, thermal conductivity, and viscosity with subordination of porosity. To obtain accurate results, the two-phase mixture model was used, and thermal conductivity and viscosity of nanofluid were simulated by experimental models by temperature and volume fraction dependence. Governing equations are solved by the FVM. The main findings indicate that the best and worst optimization factor will occur in the porous matrix epsilon = epsilon(y 2 ) and epsilon = - epsilon(y 2 ), respectively, which is 113 % and 86 % of N H of the homogeneous matrix, respectively. Also increasing the filling of the cavity, highly improves N H , so that the N H will reach from 1.19 to 1.82 with the increase of S from 0.25 to 1.