Efficacy of pesticides against Nesidiocoris tenuis Reuter (Hemiptera: Miridae), an emerging threat in the cultivation of tomato in Northwest Europe

As non -chemical methods are not always effective to manage pests, the search for chemical solutions that efficiently combat pest species, while safeguarding the environment and beneficial organisms, is essential for advancing effective Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs. Here, we investigated the efficacy of commercially available pesticides in managing Nesidiocoris tenuis , an emerging threat in the cultivation of tomato in Northwest Europe, while preserving the biocontrol agent Macrolophus pygmaeus . Fourteen pesticides were assessed for their residual toxicity on adults and nymphs in laboratory experiments, after which the most promising candidate was evaluated in cages and semi -commercial greenhouse conditions. Among the pesticides tested, chlorantraniliprole, hexythiazox, tebufenozide and azadirachtin had minimal impact on both insect species, with less than 37.5% corrected mortality. Pirimicarb, sulfoxaflor, acetamiprid, flupyradifurone, thiacloprid, tebufenpyrad, spinosad, indoxacarb, and a mixture of pyrethrins and piperonyl butoxide were harmful to N. tenuis , but also affected M. pygmaeus (up to 100% mortality). Emamectin benzoate was moderately effective to N. tenuis adults (87%) and nymphs (80%), but had limited effects on M. pygmaeus . Application of emamectin benzoate at the maximum recommended concentration resulted in a significantly higher mortality of N. tenuis adults (85%) compared to M. pygmaeus (53%) in cage experiments, while it significantly reduced N. tenuis nymphs and the number of necrotic rings in a greenhouse experiment. Emamectin benzoate emerges as a promising candidate for inclusion in IPM programs. However, further research is necessary to determine its compatibility with other management strategies for controlling N. tenuis and other tomato pests.