Indirect impact of the war in Ukraine on primary percutaneous coronary intervention for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction in Poland

INTRODUCTION The Russian invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 resulted in displacement of approximately 12.5 million refugees to adjacent countries, including Poland, which may have strained health care service delivery. OBJECTIVES Using the ST -segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) data, we aimed to evaluate whether the Russian invasion of Ukraine has indirectly impacted delivery of acute cardiovascular care in Poland. PATIENTS AND METHODS We analyzed all adult patients undergoing percutaneous coronary interventions (PCIs) for STEMI across Poland between February 25, 2017 and May 24, 2022. The investigated health care centers were allocated to regions below and over 100 km from the Polish-Ukrainian border. Mixed -effect generalized linear regression models with random effects per hospital were used to explore the associations between the war in Ukraine and several parameters, and whether these associations differed across the regions below and over 100 km from the border. RESULTS A total of 90 115 procedures were included in the analysis. The average number of procedures per month was similar to the predicted volume for centers over 100 km from the border, while it was higher than expected (by an estimated median of 15 [interquartile range, 11-19]) for the region below 100 km from the border. There was no difference in adjusted fatality rate or quality of care outcomes for pre- and during -war time in both regions, with no evidence of a difference -in -difference across the regions. CONCLUSIONS Following the Russian invasion of Ukraine, there was only a modest and temporary increase in the number of primary PCIs, predominantly in the centers situated within 100 km of the Polish-Ukrainian border, although no significant impact on in -hospital fatality rate was found.