Pharmacological Trends in the Management of Atopic Dermatitis: A Comprehensive Review

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a prevalent, chronic inflammatory skin condition characterized by pruritus, erythema, and impaired skin barrier function. AD management presents significant challenges due to its complex pathophysiology involving immune dysregulation and genetic predispositions. While traditional therapies, such as topical corticosteroids and emollients, remain foundational, their limitations have spurred the development of novel pharmacological approaches. This comprehensive review explores current pharmacological trends in the management of AD, focusing on emerging therapies that target specific immunological pathways. Biologic agents, including monoclonal antibodies against interleukin (IL)-4, IL-13, and IL-31 receptors, offer targeted mechanisms to modulate immune responses implicated in AD pathogenesis. Janus kinase (JAK) and phosphodiesterase-4 (PDE-4) inhibitors represent another class of promising therapies, providing alternatives for patients resistant to conventional treatments. The review synthesizes evidence from clinical trials and studies to evaluate these pharmacological agents' efficacy and safety profiles. Considerations for personalized medicine approaches, including biomarkers for treatment response prediction and genotype-based therapies, are discussed to highlight the potential for tailored treatment strategies in AD management. In conclusion, this review underscores the evolving landscape of pharmacological interventions for AD, emphasizing the need for continued research to address unmet clinical needs and optimize patient outcomes. By delineating current advancements and future directions, this review aims to inform clinical practice and guide future research endeavours in dermatology.