A comprehensive review of Omega-3 fatty acids: Sources, industrial applications, and health benefits

Omega-3 fatty acids, including alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are essential polyunsaturated fats that play a crucial role in human health. Omega-3 fatty acids are found in both animal and plant sources. Animal sources, particularly fish and algae, are rich in EPA and DHA. On the other hand, plant sources such as flaxseeds, walnuts, and edible seeds primarily contain ALA. It is important to note that while ALA can be converted into EPA and DHA in the body, this conversion is limited. Deficiency of omega-3 fatty acids can lead to several health issues. Symptoms of deficiency can include skin irritation and dryness, sudden joint pain, and mental health problems. It is important to maintain a sufficient intake of omega-3 fatty acids for healthy functioning. Fortification of food with omega-3 fatty acids is an active area of interest for many food and beverage companies. This process involves increasing the content of omega-3 fatty acids in food to improve its nutritional quality and provide health benefits. A variety of food products, ranging from bakery items, eggs, meat, baby meals, cereal bars, chocolates, milk, and milk products, have been enriched with omega-3 fatty acids. Omega-3 fatty acids have found significant industrial applications. Approximately 60% of the omega-3 oils rich in DHA and EPA are used for dietary supplements, 20% for functional foods, 7% for animal feed, 6% for pharmaceuticals, and the rest for infant and clinical nutrition. Biotechnology may contribute towards the industrial production of fatty acids to serve the nutritional demands of DHA and EPA by producing feed enriched with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), which in turn would increase the content of essential fatty acids in meat, milk, and eggs. Omega-3 fatty acids are vital for human health, and their adequate intake through diet or fortification is essential. The industrial applications of omega-3 fatty acids are vast and growing, underscoring their significance in various sectors. However, more research is needed to fully understand the implications of omega-3 fatty acid deficiency and the optimal levels of intake.