The Epidemiology of Spinal Neurosurgery in Nigeria: A Systematic Review and Patient-Level Analysis

OBJECTIVE: Spinal pathologies are prevalent in Nigeria, though epidemiological data remains sparse. This sys- tematic review used pooled patient -level data from across the country to generate a standardized epidemiological reference. METHODS: Four research databases and gray literature sources were searched. Risk of bias assessment was conducted using Risk of Bias in Non -Randomised Studies - of Interventions and Cochrane 's risk of bias tool. We descriptively analyzed all article metrics and statistically analyzed relevant data variables via paired t -test and c 2 independence tests ( a [ 0.05). RESULTS: One hundred twenty-seven articles, comprising a patient cohort of 8425 patients, were analyzed. Most were retrospective cohort studies (46.5%) and case reports/series (31.5%), with an overall moderate - high risk of bias. Most studies were published in the last 20 years. Most patients were male ( w2.5 males per fe- male), with an average age of 43.2 years (+/- 16.4). Clinical diagnoses spanned the breadth of spinal neurosurgery. Approximately 45.0% of patients had complete spinal impairment. Pain (41.7%) was the most reported presenting feature. X-ray (45.1%) was the most common investigation used. Intervertebral disc herniation (18.9%) was the most prevalent imaging finding on MRI. Most patients were managed nonoperatively (57.8%), with a favorable outcome in 27.4% of patients. Posttreatment complications included pressure sores, infection, and motor deficits. CONCLUSIONS: This systematic review and pooled analysis provide an epidemiological overview of spinal neurosurgery in Nigeria over the last 60 years and serves as a useful reference to direct future global research in this arena.