Shaping the stationary energy storage landscape with reversible fuel cells

This review provides a comprehensive examination of reversible fuel cells (RFCs), emphasizing their role in stationary energy storage systems and the advancement towards sustainable energy frameworks. By merging the capabilities of electrolysis and fuel cell technologies, RFCs emerge as a versatile solution to mitigate the intermittency challenges posed by renewable energy sources, thereby enhancing grid stability and improving energy efficiency. This analysis delves into the operational principles, technological progress, and the complex challenges encountered in the deployment of RFCs, such as issues related to material durability, system integration, and economic constraints. It further highlights recent innovations in electrode materials, electrolyte formulations, and system configurations that have substantially increased RFC efficiency and longevity. Moreover, the review investigates the transformative potential of RFCs in redefining energy storage and conversion practices, highlighting their role in supporting the energy sector's decarbonization and in fostering a resilient, renewable energy future. Through a critical evaluation of policy frameworks and market dynamics, the review calls for a multidisciplinary strategy to surmount current hurdles and to fully exploit the capabilities of RFCs in stationary applications. It concludes by offering a forward-looking perspective on the significance of RFCs within sustainable and efficient energy systems.