The Circle of Accountability: Examining Accountability when and Power-Related Implications in the Context of Credit Unions

This paper explores the timing of accountability, systematically examining 'accountability when?' in the context of Indonesian credit unions as member-based social enterprises. It examines pre, per, and post factum accountability within two credit unions whose missions focused on member empowerment. Primary data includes 10 focus group discussions and nine interviews with credit union members and management, government, and industry association representatives. Secondary data includes strategic and business plans of the two organisations. Findings reveal the importance of accountability timing, and associated power implications. Reflecting on the interrelated nature of pre, per, and post factum accountability practices highlights a circle of accountability; the linkage between these forms creating a virtuous circle.