Alternative splicing of lncRNA LAIR fine-tunes the regulation of neighboring yield-related gene LRK1 expression in rice

The diversity in alternative splicing of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) poses a challenge for functional annotation of lncRNAs. Moreover, little is known on the effects of alternatively spliced lncRNAs on crop yield. In this study, we cloned nine isoforms resulting from the alternative splicing of the lncRNA LAIR in rice. The LAIR isoforms are generated via alternative 5 '/3 ' splice sites and different combinations of specific introns. All LAIR isoforms activate the expression of the neighboring LRK1 gene and enhance yield-related rice traits. In addition, there are slight differences in the binding ability of LAIR isoforms to the epigenetic modification-related proteins OsMOF and OsWDR5, which affect the enrichment of H4K16ac and H3K4me3 at the LRK1 locus, and consequently fine-tune the regulation of LRK1 expression and yield-related traits. These differences in binding may be caused by polymorphic changes to the RNA secondary structure resulting from alternative splicing. It was also observed that the composition of LAIR isoforms was sensitive to abiotic stress. These findings suggest that the alternative splicing of LAIR leads to the formation of a functional transcript population that precisely regulates yield-related gene expression, which may be relevant for phenotypic polymorphism-based crop breeding under changing environmental conditions.