MVST: Identifying spatial domains of spatial transcriptomes from multiple views using multi-view graph convolutional networks

Spatial transcriptome technology can parse transcriptomic data at the spatial level to detect high-throughput gene expression and preserve information regarding the spatial structure of tissues. Identifying spatial domains, that is identifying regions with similarities in gene expression and histology, is the most basic and critical aspect of spatial transcriptome data analysis. Most current methods identify spatial domains only through a single view, which may obscure certain important information and thus fail to make full use of the information embedded in spatial transcriptome data. Therefore, we propose an unsupervised clustering framework based on multiview graph convolutional networks (MVST) to achieve accurate spatial domain recognition by the learning graph embedding features of neighborhood graphs constructed from gene expression information, spatial location information, and histopathological image information through multiview graph convolutional networks. By exploring spatial transcriptomes from multiple views, MVST enables data from all parts of the spatial transcriptome to be comprehensively and fully utilized to obtain more accurate spatial expression patterns. We verified the effectiveness of MVST on real spatial transcriptome datasets, the robustness of MVST on some simulated datasets, and the reasonableness of the framework structure of MVST in ablation experiments, and from the experimental results, it is clear that MVST can achieve a more accurate spatial domain identification compared with the current more advanced methods. In conclusion, MVST is a powerful tool for spatial transcriptome research with improved spatial domain recognition. Spatial transcriptome sequencing can not only reveal the mechanisms of disease development, but can also be used to explore the structure of biological tissues, which are widely used in a variety of fields such as developmental biology and oncology. To utilize spatial transcriptome data to understand how different cells work together to perform complex functions, spatially relevant groups of cells must be identified, which leads to the task of dissecting tissues into spatial domains. However, most of the currently available spatial domain identification tools have yet to fully utilize the information embedded in spatial transcriptomic data, and their identification remains to be improved for the fine-grained exploration of tissue structure. Here, we developed a tool for accurate spatial domain identification, and our tool makes full use of the various types of spatial transcriptome data from multiple perspectives, identifying the real grouping information in spatial transcriptome data as much as possible. Our results show that our spatial domain identification tool can identify spatial domains more accurately and provide effective help for biological organization structure exploration.