Adolescents' sleep mediates maternal depressive problems and parenting behaviors: daughter and son differences in a majority Black and Hispanic sample

Study Objectives: Parents who experience depressive symptoms are less likely to use positive parenting behaviors, in part because of sad affect and inconsistency, which can lead to disengaged parenting. Their children also are more likely to get too little sleep, get too much sleep, or have trouble sleeping, leading to increased irritability and defiance, which may make it more difficult for a parent to use clear rules and result in more harsh parenting behaviors. The current study examined whether adolescents ' sleep (too little, too much, trouble sleeping) mediated the relation between maternal depression and parenting behaviors (harsh parenting, positive parenting, clear rules). Further, a child 's sex was examined as a moderator (ie, moderated mediation). Methods: The sample (n = 318) consisted of mothers reporting on adolescents aged 16 -18 years (mean =16.89, standard deviation = .429; 53.4% female) from the 10th wave of the Schools and Families Educating Children Study. Measures included the Child Behavior Checklist, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, and the Parenting Practices Questionnaire. Results: Too little sleep mediated the relation between maternal depressive problems and clear rules in the overall sample ([3 = .05) and between maternal depressive problems and positive parenting ([3 = .11), clear rules ([3 = .13), and harsh parenting ([3 = .14) for only sons. Too much sleep mediated the relation between maternal depressive problems and harsh parenting in the overall sample ([3 = .03), but no mediation occurred for sons and daughters separately. Trouble sleeping did not serve as a mediator in the overall sample but mediated the relation between maternal depressive problems and clear rules for daughters ([3 = .03) and between maternal depressive problems and harsh parenting for sons ([3 = .09). Conclusions: These results suggest that adolescents ' sleep difficulties may be one contributing factor to why mothers who are dealing with depressive symptoms have difficulty using clear rules/positive parenting and use more harsh parenting behaviors. In addition, several of these mediations differed for sons and daughters, indicating important sex differences that may help to better inform and design intervention programs for mothers experiencing depression.