A bi-level optimization framework for the power-side virtual power plant participating in day-ahead wholesale market as a price-maker considering uncertainty

This paper develops a novel bilevel decision-making framework for a power-side virtual power plant (VPP) comprising refined power to gas (P2G), wherein the upper-level is the cost minimization objective of VPP, while the lower-level is social cost minimization objective of wholesale electricity market. Meanwhile, wind power uncertainty is handled by distributionally robust optimization method. By utilizing Karush-Kuhn Tucker optimality condition and strong duality theory, the bilevel model is interpreted as a tractable single-level mixed integer programming model. Simulation results show that: relative to the models with removing uncertainty and refined P2G device, 1) the proposed approach realizes outstanding economic benefit by obtaining an increase with a rate by 7.47 % and 105.09 % in total actual profit, respectively. Regarding environmental benefit, CO2 emission volume experiences a 0.89 % decline and 0.90 % increase, and the CO2 intensity of the proposed strategy is the lowest with the value of 193. 25kg/MWh. 2) The proposed model can achieve the economic and low-carbon dispatching of the VPP. Wind power curtailment in the proposed model witnesses a trivial increase and reduced by 53.19 %, respectively. 3) The model exhibits merits due to its trade-off between robustness and computational complexity.