Evolution characteristics and performance evaluation of extended end-plate joints with single and double side connections under cyclic loading

Experimental studies were conducted on four extended end-plate joints subjected to cyclic loading at the column top, investigating the evolving patterns of the joints' mechanical performance. The paper provides a detailed analysis and discussion of the test joints' failure modes, ductility, stiffness degradation, and energy dissipation capacity. The Mann-Kendall (M - K) trend analysis tool was applied to the mechanical response curves, identifying key performance evolution points (evolution initiation point P and overall yield point Q). The trends in bolt forces, deformations, and strains at critical joints were effectively validated, revealing the transition of the energy system from quantitative to qualitative changes and the component's failure process from stability to instability. Additionally, based on the experimental joints' hysteresis curves and energy dissipation capacity, a theoretical hysteresis model was established to predict the joint's hysteresis curve and cumulative dissipated energy accurately. According to EC3 requirements, joints were classified as partially rigid connections. The experimental results of the initial rotational stiffness and plastic moment were further used to evaluate the calculated values in existing standards EN 1993-1-8, ANSI/AISC 358-16, and GB 51017-2017. The results indicate that extended end-plate connections possess sufficient strength, joint rotational stiffness, ductility, and energy dissipation capacity, making them suitable for seismic moment frames.