Influence of water saturation and water memory on CO 2 hydrate formation/dissociation in porous media under flowing condition

Injection of high-pressure CO 2 into depleted gas reservoirs can lead to low temperatures promoting formation of hydrate in the near wellbore area resulting in reduced injection rates. The design of effective mitigation methods requires an understanding of the impact of crucial parameters on the formation and dissociation of CO 2 hydrate within the porous medium under flowing conditions. This study investigates the influence of water saturation (ranging from 20 % to 40 %) on the saturation and kinetics of CO 2 hydrate during continuous CO 2 injection. The experiments were conducted under a medical X-ray computed tomography (CT) to monitor the dynamics of hydrate growth inside the core and to calculate the hydrate saturation profile. The experimental data reveal increase in CO 2 hydrate saturation with increasing water saturation levels. The extent of permeability reduction is strongly dependent on the initial water saturation: beyond a certain water saturation the core is fully blocked. For water saturations representative of the depleted gas fields, although the amount of generated hydrate is not sufficient to fully block the CO 2 flow path, a significant reduction in permeability (approximately 80 %) is measured. It is also observed that the volume of water + hydrate phases increases during hydrate formation, indicating a lower -than -water density for CO 2 hydrate. Having a history of hydrate at the same water saturation leads to an increase in CO 2 consumption compared to the primary formation of hydrate, confirming the existence of the water memory effect in porous media.