Size-dependent mechanical analysis of porous functionally graded piezoelectric micro/nanoscale structures: a literature review

Recent advancements in fabrication techniques, such as the development of powder metallurgy, have made it possible to tailor the mechanical properties of functionally gradient piezoelectric (FGP) micro/nanostructures. This class of structures can be used to improve the performance of many micro/nanoelectromechanical systems because of their spatially varying mechanical and electrical properties. The importance of FGP micro/nanoscale structures has been demonstrated by the growing number of published works on their size-dependent mechanical characteristics, including their static bending, buckling, vibration, energy harvesters and wave propagation using scale-dependent continuum-based models. Reviewing recent developments in the field of non-classical continuum mechanics, this paper examines the size-dependent mechanical analysis of porous FGP micro/ nanostructures. Five sophisticated theories of piezoelectricity-modified couple stress, strain gradient, surface effect, as well as nonlocal and nonlocal strain gradient theory, for example-are given special consideration in light of their potential to forecast unusual mechanical performance and wave characteristics in porous FGP micro/nanostructures and devices. In the future, porous FGP micro/nanostructures with multi-field couplings may be studied or designed, and this article may be a helpful resource.