Multifunctional Hydroxylamine-O-Sulfonic Acid as Additives for Highly Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells

Despite the rapid development of perovskite solar cells (PSCs), defects in the devices continue to impede further improvements in power conversion efficiency and operational stability. In this work, the use of hydroxylamine-O-sulfonic acid as a bifunctional molecule to enhance the performance of PSCs is described. Strong coordination exists between the sulfonic acid group and uncoordinated Pb2+ of perovskite, while the N-H bond on amino group interacts with uncoordinated I-. Thus, due to the synergistic contribution of sulfonic acid group and amino groups, the high-quality perovskite film with good crystallinity and low defect density is achieved. As a result, the optimal devices exhibit an enhanced efficiency of 23.33%, which is much higher than that of the control device (21.53%). Notably, the optimized target device exhibits excellent long-term operational stability, retaining over 90% of its initial efficiency after 480 h at 65 degrees C, over 93% after a continuous illumination test for 650 h, and over 96% after nearly 1400 h of air storage. In contrast, the control device demonstrates poorer stability. In these results, it is suggested that selecting a dual-functional additive is a promising approach to enhance efficiency and maintain stability in PSCs.