Experimental study and exergy analysis of electric vehicle single-stage compression secondary throttling CO 2 air-source heat pump system in cold climate

A novel CO 2 air -source heat pump system (ASHPs) with a secondary throttling based on a single -stage compression was proposed to further improve the heating energy efficiency of electric vehicles (EVs) for heating in cold climates. The heating characteristics of the secondary throttling system (STS) and conventional throttling system (CTS) at different indoor air supply temperatures were compared. The STS performance characteristics were investigated under varying ambient temperature, outdoor air velocity, and exergy analysis was performed on the system and its components. A fitting correlation equation for optimal discharge pressure was obtained based on experimental data. The results demonstrate that implementing STS significantly reduces CO 2 ASHPs energy consumption ( W com ), enhances the coefficient of performance (COP), and reduces exergy destruction. When the indoor air supply temperature reaches 45 degrees C, using STS can result in an 8.1 % reduction in W com , a 9.4 % increase in COP, and a 6.1 % improvement in the exergy efficiency ( Ex eta ) compared to that of CTS. Furthermore, the advantages of STS become more pronounced with higher indoor target air supply temperatures. As the ambient temperature decreases, the exergy efficiency of the STS reaching the target air supply temperature decreases. The velocity of outdoor air significantly affects the STS performance, and increasing outdoor air velocity can effectively enhance the Ex eta of STS. The optimal discharge pressure fitting equation for the STS was obtained through multiple linear regression analysis. These findings can provide ideas for architectural optimization and design of CO 2 ASHPs for EVs, which are important for further improving system performance.