Green supply chain for steel raw materials under price and demand uncertainty

The scientific formulation of procurement and inventory plans is an important topic in the steel industry, when considering both economic and environmental impacts in an uncertain market environment. Robust optimization methods offer an effective solution to this problem. This study has investigated a multi -echelon and multi -period front-end supply chain centered on a steel enterprise under uncertain purchase prices and demand. The goal is to minimize the costs associated with mining, processing, transportation, procurement, and inventory along with the corresponding carbon emission costs. To address this issue, we present a robust rolling horizon model (RRHM) that considers the inventory capacity constraints of steel enterprise and incorporates ore grade requirements. Subsequently, the RRHM was reformulated into a solvable mixedinteger linear programming model, and the relationship between the robust model and a specific deterministic model was established. Finally, the model was validated by generating instances based on real scenarios. The results demonstrate that the robust rolling horizon model proposed in this paper outperforms both the Sample Average Approximation (SAA) strategy and the (s, S) strategy in terms of cost and robustness. In addition, a sensitivity analysis of the key parameters was conducted. The findings reveal that the unit inventory, mining, and carbon emission costs have a limited impact on the total cost, highlighting the robustness of the model. These findings provide valuable insights into the green and sustainable development of the steel industry, enabling the formulation of effective strategies to mitigate the impacts of uncertainties.