Disparities in Access to Deep Brain Stimulation and Responsive Neurostimulation Approaches to Drug-Resistant Epilepsy

Background: Epilepsy affects 1% to 2% of the global population, and those who are resistant to medical treatment may be candidates for neuromodulation. In select populations, brain stimulation approaches including deep brain stimulation (DBS) and responsive neurostimulation (RNS) are used. Although studies have shown that patients from Black, Hispanic, lower income, and rural communities have less access to epilepsy care and have lower rates of epilepsy surgery, disparities in the use of brain stimulation for epilepsy treatment are currently not known. Materials and Methods: We queried the US National Inpatient Sample data base from January 1, 2014 to December 31, 2019 for all patients discharged with an International Classi fi cation of Diseases (ICD) Ninth Revision or ICD Tenth Revision diagnosis of drug-resistant epilepsy. Among these patients discharged, the rates of brain stimulation treatment, including DBS and RNS, were reported in each subgroup of race, ethnicity, and insurance. To generate national estimates, all analyses were weighted. Results: A total of 237,895 patients discharged with drug-resistant epilepsy were identi fi ed, of whom 4,925 (2.1%) received brain stimulation treatment for drug-resistant epilepsy. Black patients ( n = 420, 0.9%, odds ratio [OR] = 0.51, 95% CI [0.40, 0.64]) were less likely to receive brain stimulation treatment than were White patients ( n = 3300, 2.4%).There was no signi fi cant difference between Asian ( n = 105, 2.3%, OR = 0.80, 95% CI [0.53, 1.33]) and Hispanic ( n = 655, 2.6%, OR = 0.95, 95% CI [0.77, 1.17]) patients and White patients. No signi fi cant difference was observed between female ( n = 2515, 2.1%, OR = 1.02, 95% CI [0.89, 1.17]) and male ( n = 2410, 2.0%) patients either. Patients with Medicare ( n = 1150, 1.2%, OR = 0.69, 95% CI [0.57, 0.84]) or Medicaid ( n = 1150, 1.8%, OR = 0.52, 95% CI [0.44, 0.62]) were less likely to receive brain stimulation treatment than were those with private insurance as the primary payer ( n = 2370, 3.9%). Conclusions: We discovered signi fi cant disparities in the use of brain stimulation treatments for drug-resistant epilepsy based on race and insurance status. More research will be required to determine the cause of these disparities.