Numerical investigation of equivalence ratio effects on Flex-Fuel mixing controlled combustion enabled by prechamber ignition

There is interest in adapting renewable and low -carbon intensity fuels to heavy-duty engines to help displace criteria and greenhouse gas emissions associated with diesel combustion. Low -carbon fuels have inherently low cetane numbers and thus pose a significant challenge when considering direct substitution in diesel combustion systems. Use of an actively fueled prechamber as an ignition source to initiate mixing -controlled combustion (PCMCC) of low-cetane fuels is becoming an attractive combustion mode to alleviate the identified reactivity deficit. This work focuses on the utilization of an active prechamber to facilitate diesel -like combustion of bioethanolgasoline fuel blends in a heavy-duty engine. Recent results in this emerging technology suggest that ignition quality is uniquely coupled to prechamber equivalence ratio. In this numerical study, the fundamental implications of prechamber equivalence ratio on the ignition performance of direct injected fuels ranging from E10 to E100 are investigated using CONVERGE. Parametric studies of the prechamber operating strategy were assessed at diesel -like conditions to characterize the performance trends relative to a diesel baseline at the same boundary conditions. Simulation results indicate that PC -MCC is flex -fuel capable and achieves diesel -like ignition qualities and combustion processes for all fuels considered under stoichiometric and rich prechamber conditions. To characterize the equivalence ratio trends observed, a novel inflow boundary modeling technique was utilized to prescribe turbulent jets in place of the prechamber where selective speciation of the jet composition was conducted to isolate the ignition contributions of radical and reacting species in lean, stoichiometric, and rich jets. The inflow boundary modeling suggests that excess fuel and combustion intermediates present in jets produced from stratified and fuel -rich prechamber operation promotes higher jet temperatures and as such are superior ignition sources. Relative to a lean prechamber jet, the peak temperature of a reacting jet from a rich prechamber was up to 600 K hotter at fixed distances from the orifice exit. Radicals also demonstrated an influence on the ignition process, but the combustion mode was identified to be thermally dominant.