Barriers to exclusive breastfeeding practice among HIV-positive mothers in Tanzania. An exploratory qualitative study

Background Ensuring optimal nutrition through early breastfeeding is vital for infant mental development and overall health. HIV infections complicate decisions regarding exclusive breastfeeding, jeopardizing effective infant and young child feeding, which affects nutrition and health outcomes. Recognizing the lack of evidence on barriers to infant feeding in the context of HIV in Tanzania, this study was conducted to explore individual, household, and community obstacles in the Ilala district, Dar es Salaam.Materials and methods A case study design employing a qualitative approach was used. The study was executed at the Reproductive and Child Health (RCH) Clinic within Amana Regional Referral Hospital, Mnazi Mmoja Health Centre, and Buguruni Health Centre. Data collection ensued through the purposive sampling of healthcare providers and HIV-positive mothers, utilizing in-depth interview techniques. The textual data accrued were analyzed using inductive and deductive content analysis strategies, thereby enabling the delineation and formulation of principal thematic constructs.Results The study involved interviews with twenty-seven key informants, encompassing HIV-positive mothers, nurses, clinicians, and community-based healthcare workers. The analysis of these interviews resulted in the identification of three major themes. Firstly, individual barriers to exclusive breastfeeding were delineated, encompassing sub-themes such as occupation-related hectic schedules, early motherhood-related non-compliance to safe infant feeding directives, postpartum depression, and issues related to breast sores and abscesses. Secondly, household-level barriers were identified, highlighting challenges like food insecurity and inaccessibility to key resources, the influence of male partners and family members on decision-making, and barriers arising from non-disclosure of HIV status affecting Exclusive Breastfeeding (EBF) support. Lastly, community-level barriers were explored, revealing a sub-theme related to the low retentivity of HIV-positive women in the Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission (PMTCT) programs.Conclusions Individual barriers encompass practical, psychological, and physical challenges, while household-level obstacles include food insecurity, limited resources, and family dynamics influencing decisions. At the community level, there's a concern about the low retentivity of HIV-positive women in PMTCT programs, indicating broader societal challenges in supporting exclusive breastfeeding. There is a need for tailored interventions at individual, household, and community levels to promote and support optimal infant feeding practices among HIV-positive women.